As the war drags on in Ukraine, its civilians suffer the most.
Thirty-eight people were killed in the village of Myla on August 29, when a Russian drone attack struck an ammunition depot. Another 12 were killed in attacks across the country on September 1.
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Civilian deaths have sharply increased this summer as Russia is using jet-powered drones, which fly at about half the speed of a passenger jet and are more difficult to intercept than propeller-powered drones.
Jet-powered drones numbered about 2,800 in August, said Ukraine Air Force spokesman Yurii Ihnat, compared with about 1,500 in July, several times the number launched in June. Ukraine has an interception rate of more than 90 percent against propeller-powered drones, but only 60 percent against the jet-powered variant, Ihnat said.
Meanwhile, Russian forces suffered 42,020 casualties last month, Ukraine claimed, as Moscow’s territorial gains dropped to a fraction of last year’s rate of advance.
General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine figures showed Russia’s monthly casualties were only slightly below July’s 42,860, and well above June’s 39,290.
Al Jazeera cannot independently verify casualty estimates by either side, but if accurate, these summer figures – 25.8 percent higher than the casualties Ukraine inflicted in the spring – suggest the high Russian casualty rate is not a passing event.
Russian recruitment rates are thought to be well below these figures, estimated by Ukraine at about 32,500 a month this year.
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy has publicly shared intelligence suggesting Russian leader Vladimir Putin will conscript 300,000 or more troops this October.
Zelenskyy has said up to 80 percent of Russian casualties were inflicted in Kostiantynivka, the southernmost of Ukraine’s “fortress belt” of cities in the eastern Donetsk region, whose capture Putin has repeatedly prioritised.
Russian forces are thought to control only a portion of the city, but have infiltrated more than 70 percent of it with scattered individual troops sent to drop supplies and await reinforcements. Ukrainian drone operators have been targeting them steadily as Russia replenishes them, keeping Kostiantynivka a grey area for months.
This week it was revealed that Ukrainian commander-in-chief Mykhailo Drapatyi reinforced the Donetsk front around Sloviansk and Dobropillia, north and south of Kostiantynivka, respectively, but kept the Kostiantynivka front largely unchanged, suggesting Ukraine may be adopting the tactic of fighting a prolonged rearguard in this urban landscape to inflict attritional losses, as it did in the battles of Bakhmut, Pokrovsk and Chasiv Yar.
The fight for Kostiantynivka has sapped troop strength elsewhere on the front line, where Ukraine has liberated 130sq km (50 square miles) of its land in August, limiting Russia’s overall advance.
Russia seized just over 90 square kilometres (35 square miles) in August, the Institute for the Study of War, a Washington-based think tank that assesses territorial gains using open-source geolocated sources, estimated.
While still a net gain, this is less than a fifth of the land Russia seized in August 2025.
During June, July and August this year, the ISW assessed that Russia gained firm control of 160sq km (60 square miles), compared with 1,440 in the summer months of 2025 (560 square miles) – a 90 percent drop in performance.
Ukraine’s response
Ukraine has turned its focus from Russian refineries to strikes against Russian air defences, radar systems and drone launch sites.
Ukraine’s Unmanned Systems Forces (SBS) destroyed 33 air defence elements in August, bringing the annual total to 263.
Ukraine also kept up some strikes on refineries, hitting 12 in August, along with two gas-processing plants and three oil transshipment terminals, according to its defence ministry.
During the past week, it struck the Yanos refinery in Yaroslavl, and the Kirishi and Ust-Luga refineries near Leningrad, all 800km (500 miles) from its border.
These strikes have caused petrol shortages, further hurting Russia’s economy.
Ukraine’s military intelligence reported that certain Russian exports had fallen by 80 percent compared with pre-war levels. Oil has been among the hardest hit, as Ukraine has struck terminals and hundreds of tankers carrying Russian oil in the Black and Azov seas.
Russian oil exports from the Black Sea port of Novorossiysk fell from 800,000 barrels a day in July to 350,000 barrels a day in August, said Ukraine’s Foreign Intelligence Service.
“The Russian side acknowledges that its Black Sea Fleet ships are effectively blockaded in Novorossiysk due to our drone strikes and are unable to operate at sea,” said Zelenskyy.
“Since the Russian fleet is unable to provide escorts for the commercial and shadow fleet … one of the solutions being considered is to equip civilian ships with small arms, electronic warfare (EW) equipment, and military personnel,” he said. “We will prepare appropriate countermeasures.”
The strikes on the oil industry have not only reduced exports. They have reverberated across the Russian economy, creating queues at petrol stations and raising prices for consumers.
This week Russia extended a ban on diesel exports to the end of September, in order to keep its army and transport industry supplied, and sought to import petrol.
Occupied Crimea, where petrol distribution has been restricted to state vehicles, has been hard hit.
The Russian-appointed governor of the region, Sergei Aksyonov, said on September 2: “Fuel supplies to the region are currently not fully meeting the needs of the residents. Unfortunately, some residents of Crimea will, at this stage, face limited access to gasoline.”
